Is Freudian theory falsifiable (by Popper's criteria) Essay

Is Freudian theory falsifiable (by Popper's criteria) - Essay Example The matter is the fact that at those times there was a strong belief that works of these scientists are absolutely scientific. But Popper had different point of view. According to him Einstein’s theory was distinguished from theories of Freud, Adler and Marx due to its openness to be falsifiable, i.e. to criticism. Popper considered that Freud, Marx, and Adler gave some true and important issues, despite he thought their theories to be unscientific. In general our intellectual culture has been largely influenced by Popper’s criticism of Freudian theory and his castigation of inductivism. Thus, Frederick Crews, the literary critic states that Popper has proved his own denial of Freudian explanations and Peter Medawar, biologists, has approved both of Karl Popper’s complaints with gusto. In 1935 in the philosophical analysis of the scientific method Karl Popper represented his famous criterion of falsifiability, which is now considered to be an important concept of science as well as of philosophy of science. According to this criterion any theory, proposition or hypothesis can be considered â€Å"scientific† only when it is falsifiable. Thus, Popper’s criterion is necessary but not sufficient for evaluation of any ideas claiming to be scientific (Sokal, 1998). Any theory satisfies Popper’s criterion (i.e. it is falsifiable and therefore scientific) in the event that there is a methodological opportunity to refute it by setting one or another experiment, even if such an experiment has not yet been delivered. According to this criterion, a statement, or system of statements contain information about the empirical world only if it is able to come into collision with the experience, or more accurately - if it can be systematically checked, that is subjected to (according to some â€Å"methodological solutions†) checks, which may result in its denial. In other words, according to Popper's criterion, a scientific theory cannot be fundamentally unassailable. Thus, according to this doctrine, the problem of demarcation (i.e. separation of scientific knowledge from the unscientific) is solved. Popper called this unequal "power" and role in the verification of meaning and truth of scientific theories inherent in confirming and refuting factors â€Å"cognitive asymmetry†. Based on this â€Å"asymmetry† Popper proclaimed the replacement of the â€Å"principle of verification† (i.e. a positive or confirmed check), used by logical empiricists, with the principle of â€Å"falsification† (that is the principle of reliable denial). It means that the verification of scientific essence, and then of the truth of scientific theories must be carried out not through their confirmation, but mainly (or exclusively) through their denial. Popper's criterion requires that a theory or hypothesis should not be fundamentally unassailable. According to Popper a theory cannot be considered scient ific only on the grounds that there is one, several or infinitely many experiments, confirming it. Since almost any theory, formed on the basis of at least some of the experimental data, permits the conducting of a large number of supporting experiments, the existence of confirmation cannot be considered a token of scientific theory. According to Popper, theories differ with respect to the possibility of setting up an experiment able, at least in principle, give a

Tax Deal (Current Event) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tax Deal (Current Event) - Essay Example e final, concluding section of the paper will offer an overview of the situation and consider the merits of the various positions and the probable outcome. In simplest terms the current debate revolves around the Presidents campaign promise to not extend significant changes to personal income tax rules that were introduced under President George W. Bush. Under President Bush two significant bills reducing personal income taxes were introduced: The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. The chart on the following page outlines the impact of these two tax bills on personal tax levels. In simplest terms the bills lowered the personal income tax rate on the lowest level of income (below USD 7,150) and on the highest levels (USD 29,050). Those earning between USD 7,150 and 29,050 remained constant. However, as is often the case with government legislation the devil is in the details. The bills also changed the dollar figures around the highest tax brackets pushing them upwards slightly. For example, in 2000 one entered the highest tax bracket if they earned USD 288, 351 but by 2003 that number had increased to USD 311,951. Therefore a person who earned USD 300,000 in both those years was paying 39.6% in 2000 but only 33% in 2003. (â€Å"Federal Tax Brackets†) Also, under President Bush significant changes in other aspects of personal income, notably on capital gains. Capital gains tax is levied on the market value received on sale of an asset beyond its book value or purchase price. If an asset is bought for $50 and sold for $75, the realized capital gain (profit) is $25. Capital gains generally increase as ones personal wealth increases as it implies having personal wealth to invest. A person working in a minimal wage job rarely has large sums to invest. The exact opposite is true of a person who has a substantial income. Therefore, as a general rule, decreases in the capital gains

Social network security is seriously threatened Dissertation

Social network security is seriously threatened - Dissertation Example The paper has gone to an inch to determine the level of importance is given to the privacy setting and its resultant security and safety. The results revealed that users of SNS, though considers that matter significantly important; however, have limited information about the dimensions from where these privacy fences are broken. The paper also concludes that despite understanding of a considerable level about the lacking strength of privacy setting of the SNS, the users still post information as established by Lee, Park, and Kim (2013).Furthermore, users of SNS have dominant view to stop limit the usage of SNS for sharing private information once the understanding of the malware is developed. TABLE OF CONTENTS WOULD SOCIAL NETWORK INTERCONNECTION THREATEN USER’S PRIVACY? 1 ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.5. CHALLENGE 14 3. METHODOLOGY 16 4. DATA ANALYSIS 19 6. LIST OF REFERENCES 32 7. APPENDIX 37 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Social media has taken the driven seat in the current era of technology. ... here users are more deeply connected than ever before without any limitations, in most cases, as depicted below: (Merrill et al., 2011) In addition to the array of benefits that social media offers to range of users including individual, public figures as well as businesses, social media is also complimented with the risks and issues. Kirkpatrick (2011) in the book, The facebook Effect, has noted that social media has changed the entire phenomenon of interaction. The impact of social media has gone to an extent that it is driving the character of political figure as well as the democratic process. For instance, the presidential campaign of Obama employed data mining, analytics and reporting program under the leadership of Rayid Ghani, a Pakistani former employee of Chicago’s Accenture Technology Labs which in turn resulted in Obama wining an election with head to head margin (Imam, 2013). The analytical and data mining tools employed in the campaign for Obama and other individ ual and businesses at one end benefits the user but at the same time it also threatens risk to the privacy of the account holders of social networking sites (SNS). Lee, Park, and Kim (2013) claim that SNS users have awareness of the security, privacy and other types of risks associated with SNS but sharing of contextual information on SNS is more induced by the perceived benefits from these sites. 1.2. Aims and Objectives Having mentioned the risks that are associated with the SNS sites, the paper herein aims to develop the review of the awareness level about the intensity of the risks from SNS interconnection. Therefore, the research has set forth the following objectives for the study: Exploring the types of the risks that are associated with the interconnection of the Social Networking Sites.

How to Develop Leadership Skills Essay Example for Free

How to Develop Leadership Skills Essay Malaysia is one of the countries that practice democratic system. Many countries around the world practice democratic system such as United States, India, South Africa, Singapore, Australia, Canada, Japan and United Kingdom. In â€Å"Democratic Style,† (2008), the democratic leadership style means encouraging people to share their ideas, and then collect all the available information into the best possible decision. This leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making with the group members. This style of leadership includes discussion and sharing of ideas and encouragement of people to feel good about their involvement. The democratic leadership style is very open and collegial style of running a team. Leaders who practices democratic style can organize company effectively. To be a good leader, there are three ways to develop leadership skills in an organization through democratic style such as a leader should practice positive attitude, listen to other people’s opinions and always motivate the subordinates. Firstly, a leader should practice positive attitude in the workplace. According to Robert Christopher (2007), there are some positive attitudes that someone should practice as a leader. For example, he has to have an open mind. As an example, he would not easily punish the employees for their mistakes until he knows the reason. To explain more, one staff who comes late due to emergency care would not be punished. Therefore, a good leader should investigate first before make a decision. Another point is a good leader should also have a wisdom and confidence. Thus, he can make a good decision to lead the organization without doubts. For example, he must select which type of investment the company should choose. Therefore, he must be confidence to make this important decision to ensure the company’s success. In addition, a good leader should be a positive role model to subordinates. Besides, a leader as a role model in an organization can affect the attitude and give a positive impact to subordinates. The subordinates will follow the attitude that their leader shows to them. Secondly, in â€Å"3Cs of Exemplary Leadership,† (2012), a leader should listen to other people’s opinions because it is one of the criteria of a democratic leadership. In that case, a thoughtful leader should listen and accept the opinions of subordinates in order to share ideas. When the leader listens to employees’ opinion, they will appreciate more and feel like they are parts of team. In this way, a leader would gain more respect by subordinates. A good leader should not ignore and must respect the subordinates’ ideas because they will be hurt and think a leader is selfless. In addition, a leader should accept the opinions from subordinates and evaluate it with the committee members. In that case, having a committee member is important in order to make justful decision. This can be done through an evaluation form, suggestion box, and doing informal meeting every week. Moreover, a leader should not be too sensitive and he needs not only to listen to other people’s ideas but also their complaints. Therefore, a problem may be solved through their complaints. He must not be emotional; instead he should be wise to make a decision. Therefore, to be democratic leaders, they must to accept any opinion of subordinates to improve their leadership skills. Finally, to be a good motivator through the democratic style, a leader should motivate the subordinates. All employees must be motivated to work for a company or organization in doing daily tasks. If no motivation is present in an employee, their quality of work will deteriorate. According to Robert Christopher (2007), a leader should provide motivation to encourage the subordinates to get into action. For example, a leader has to act professionally to help employees complete the task given by carefully organize and sequence the components of each task to be assigned for employees. One main responsibility in educating employees is to make instructions as clear and precise as possible. A leader should not get angry easily because employees need to train. Therefore, a leader must understand employees situation. Besides that, a good leader should reward their subordinates for their outstanding performances for they may establish certain reward. Rewards can be in the form of token or gift, be one-time bonuses or pay increments. In this way, employees will be appreciated and feel more motivated to work better. So, if good leaders want their employees to be good in all work, they must motivate their employees to achieve organizational excellence through the democratic leadership style. In conclusion, democratic style is one of the ways for an organization to succeed. The democratic style will enable the leader to maintain relationship with the subordinates. This leadership style is one of the most effective and it has created advanced productivity, better contributions from subordinates and boost group morale (Woods, 2010). It can also lead to betters ideas and creative solutions to certain problems. The democratic style train all staff in the company to communicate with each other, play a part and participate in the group’s discussion chaired by the leader. In short, a leader will be more responsible to perform his duty and lead the organization to succeed in the future through democratic style. Reference Cherry, Kendra. (Ed.). (n.d.).What is democratic leadership?.Retrieved August 1, 2012, fromhttp://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/f/democratic-leadership.htm Gill, Roger. (2006). Theory and practice of leadership. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Leadership styles: democratic leadership style. (n.d.). Retrieved August 1, 2012, fromhttp://www.leadership-toolbox.com/democratic-leadership-style.html Lussier, N. Robert, Achua, F. Christopher. (2007). Effective leadership. United States: South-Western. Transformation Academy.(n.d.).3 Cs of exemplary leadership (even if youre not the boss!).Retrieved August 1, 2012, from http://www.transformationacademy.com/?p=1651

The poem The Lover by Don Patterson. :: English Literature

The poem The Lover by Don Patterson. The Lover - Don Patterson The poem "The Lover" by Don Patterson explores traditional notions of fate and romantic love. The title represents both of these ideas, as the lover is a tarot card used by fortune-tellers to tell you your fate, and "the lover" has connotations of romance. He also uses vivid imagery describes how a human is knocked down by a car, and against the odds, is brought back to life because of love. The poem has three stanzas of equal length and it has a half rhyme. The main theme is identified by how love is the strongest force on the planet. Pattersonbegins by saying, "Poor mortals with your horoscopes and blood tests." This is in such a tone, that it is suggesting that a higher being is speaking, and through references later in the poem, it seems likely that the narrator is a classic Greek god. Pattersonmentions "horoscopes" and "blood tests". These are both methods that humans try in vain to predict the future. Blood tests have connotations of illness, which becomes relevant later in the poem. "Even if the plane lands you safely, why should you not return to your home in flames or ruins, your wife absconded, the children blind and dying in their cots?" Patterson uses very emotive and powerful imagery to try to prove a point that our small lives are irrelevant in the eyes of the world. He then summarises this stanza by saying, "Only the lover walks upon the earth, careless of what fate prepares for him". This quote suggests that the lover is immune to the day-to-day harshness of the world. His word choice also effectively displays ides of immortality. It tells us that love can protect you from the perils of the world. In the second stanza, Pattersonintroduces the main incident in the poem. A car knocks down the subject. "So you step out at the lights, almost as if today you know you are the special one. The women in the windshield lifting away her frozen cry." This metaphor is very effective as it has clear connotations of time standing still and fear. Patterson is now writing on a personal basis, as before he spoke generally. He continues his biblical references when he says, "A white mask on a stick". This imagery describes Atropos, the Greek god of death (somewhat like Grim Reaper) When the time has come, they come to take to take you away. He continues the theme of the underworld by saying, "The sun leaves like a rocket; the sky goes out." Patterson's effective imagery has apocalyptic connotations. This simile compares the flash of a rocket to the brightness of the sun.

Anthropology Essays – Australopithecines and Homos

Australopithecines and HomosSection 1 4. ( a & A ; B ) At Olduvai Gorge, East Africa, severalaustralopithecinesandgay, such asAustralopithecus Boisei( sometimesParanthropus Boisei) andHomosexual Habilis( big ) may hold coexisted ( Leakey 1994, 24-27, 29 ) .Australopithecus Boiseiis distinguished by outstanding sagittal crests on the top and dorsum of the skull and a long, wide and rather level ‘dished’ face with big grinders ( Wood 1992, 236 ) .Homosexual Habilis( big ) besides has a big level face with a little forehead ridge, though without the broad, dished’ visual aspect and crests ofAustralopithecus Boisei( Stringer 1992, 242 & A ; 251 ) . It besides had a robust jaw and big narrow grinders. The robust jaws and big grinders of bothAustralopithecus BoiseiandHomosexual Habilissuggest that the diets of both were chiefly vegetable. It is possible that earlyHomosexual Habilis, a tool shaper, besides hunted or scavenged for meat. Cut Markss from tools found on carnal castanetss from Olduvai show that meat was being cut from the bone bygayaround 1.8 million old ages ago ( Potts 1992, 331 ) . However, the tools from the earlier Oldowan industry can non steadfastly be associated with either genus Australopithecus orgay, though Leakey favours the latter because of the ulterior association ( 1994, 41 ) . Stanford cautions that we remember that even one species may expose a assortment of behaviors ( 2001, 25 ) . 5. ( a, B & A ; degree Celsiuss ) The earliest illustrations of Acheulean engineering day of the month to 1.5/4 million old ages ago and are associated withHomo ErectusLeakey 1994, 93 ; Gowlett 1992b, 353 ) . The handaxe ( or biface ) is associated with the development of a long axis linked to a ‘walnut’ form and illustrations may be symmetrical through a different planes and subdivisions ( Gowlett 1992a, 343 ) . Apart from usage as the eponymic handaxe, Acheulean tools were used as choppers and choices – some twelve implements have been identified ( Gowlett 1992b, 354 ; Leakey 1994, 93 ) . In eastern and south Asia discoveries ofHomo Erectushold non yielded Acheulean tools, perchance due to the presence of splintered bamboo rendering rock engineering redundant ( Gowlett 1992b, 351 ) . Besides, we might anticipate variableness in behavior over a broad, or even rather narrow, geographic country ( Stanford 2001, 25 ) . 6. ( a, B & A ; degree Celsiuss ) The Clovis people could hold reached America, possibly via a land span, as portion of a series of three migrations or motions of population from northern Asia, suggested by a assortment of grounds from linguistics, tooth analysis and genetic sciences ( Renfrew & A ; Bahn 1996, 438 ) . Dates for the motions are debatable and vary from up to 42,000-21,000 old ages ago for the earliest, 20,000 old ages ago for the 2nd and 16,000-5000 old ages ago for the last pre-Columbian motion. Martin had suggested they were the first civilization to come in the Americas ( 1973 ) . Evidence from sites such as Murray Springs, Arizona, reveal Clovis civilization artifacts association with macrofauna that subsequently became nonextant ( Haynes 1984 ) . A assortment of tools characterise the Clovis civilization, in peculiar bifacially worked and fluted missile points ( Gowlett 1992b, 359 ) . Such tools are characteristically those of huntsmans. Section 2 7. ( a, B & A ; degree Celsiuss ) Table 1. Showing Relative day of the months, encephalon sizes and encephalon construction of assorted species of hominid and hominoid ( after Deacon 1992, 116-7 ; Stringer 1992, 251 ; Wood 1992, 236 ) .SpeciessDates ( approximative old ages ago )Brain size ( cm3 )Brain constructionProconsul23-15 millionN/AN/AAustralopithecus Afarensis4-2.5 million400-500Broca’s country non presentHomosexual Habilis ( big )2.4-1.6 million600-800Broca’s country nowadaysHomo Erectus1.8-0.3 million750-1250Broca’s country nowadaysHomosexual Sapiens Neanderthalensis150,000-30,0001200-1750Broca’s country nowadaysHomosexual Sapiens ( early modern )130,000-60,0001200-1700Broca’s country nowadaysChimpanzeePresent400Area homologous to Broca’s countryTable 1 shows that early hominoids such asAustralopithecus Afarensishad comparable and somewhat larger encephalons than modern Pan troglodytess ( 400-500cm3 ) , although Broca’s linguistic communication country seems non to hold been present. Broca’s country was present in the larger encephalons ( 600-800cm3 ) ofHomosexual Habilis( big ) and in subsequentlygayspecies up to and includingmodern Homo Sapiens Sapiens. The encephalon size ofgayspecies has increased over clip, top outing at thatof Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensisat 1200-1750cm3, similar to that ofHomosexual Sapiens Sapienswith a scope of 1200-1700cm3. From the informations tabled above, it is non possible to reason that encephalization was a cardinal event in human development although worlds are without uncertainty the most encephalized species on Earth with a encephalon three times bigger than that of a similar sized ape ( Deacon 1992, 116 ; Curtis et Al 2001, 167 ) . The relationship between intelligence and encephalon size is non simple and the presence of Broca’s country does non turn out linguistic communication usage. Chimpanzees are sociable, learn and Teach, usage tools and show complex behavior, even capable of being trained in sign-language yet their encephalons are relatively little. Worlds besides display great assortment in their behavior and it is non ever clear that they are better adapted to life than less encephalized species, which calls into inquiry the nature and cogency of such comparings. Besides really important are the recent finds on Flores, which suggest that a tool and fire utilizinggayspecies we ighing merely 55 lbs and with a encephalon three times smaller than modern worlds evolved fromHomo Erectus( Morwood et al. 2005 ) . Section 3 8. ( a, B, degree Celsius & A ; vitamin D ) Multiregionalists, such as Wolpoff and Thorne have observed continuity, despite spreads, fromHomo Erectusin Java to modern Aboriginal Australians ( Curtis et al. 2001, 198 ) . The SangiranHomo Erectuswas dated at 700,000 old ages old, the skulls from Ngandong to between 400,000-100,000 old ages old and the Australian Mungo people to 24,000 old ages old. Wolpoff and Thorne have observed anatomical continuity in the cranial characteristics, known as the ‘mark of ancient Java’ . The NgandongHomo Erectusbraincases have been redated from 400,000-100,000 to 50,000-30,000 old ages old by negatron spin resonance ( ESR ) dating and uranium series dating ( U-series dating ) ( Curtis et al. 2001, 221 ) . Dates achieved by gamma beam dating have non been published. The Mungo remains have been diversely dated, originally at 24,000 old ages old so to about 62,000 in 1999, and most late utilizing optically exciting luminescence, both the Mungo Lady and Man were redated once more to 40,000 old ages old ( Bowler et al. 2003 ) . The new day of the months for the Ngandong braincase and the Mungo people, if right, suggest thatHomosexual SapiensandHomo Erectuscoexisted in south east Asia. While ab initio an uncomfortable decision for many, the assorted dating techniques do look to confirm one another, and recent discoveries ofHomo Floresiensismay supply further cogent evidence of diverseness. The redating of the Mungo people has led to the proposal that modernHomosexual Sapiensdispersed eastward from Africa, before come ining Europe, therefore retaining the ‘Out of Africa’ place ( Gore 2000, 97 ) . Thorne, commented that the redating had no impact on multiregionalism, Wolpoff adding that from 2 million old ages ago there was merely one human species ( Curtis et al. 2001, 229 ) . Whatever theoretical attack one has to dispersal, it seems indispensable to recognize the diverseness and coexistence of communities ofHomosexual. Mentions Bowler, J.M. , Johnston, H. , Olley, J. Prescott, J. Roberts, R. Shawcross, W. and Spooner, N. 2003. New ages for human business and climatic alteration at Lake Mungo, Australia.Nature421 ( February ) 837-40.Curtis, G.H. , Swisher III, C.C. and Lewin, R. 2001.Java Man. London: Little, Brown & A ; Co.Deacon, T.W. 1992. The human encephalon. In Jones et Al. ( eds. ) . 1992.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 115-123.Gore, R. 2000. Peoples Like Us.National GeographicVol.198/1 ( July ) , 90-117.Gowlett, J.A.J. 1992a. Early human mental abilities. In Jones et Al. ( eds. ) . 1992.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 341-345.Gowlett, J.A.J. 1992b. Tools – the Palaeolithic record. In Jones et Al. ( eds. ) . 1992.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 350-360.Haynes, C.V. 1984. Stratigraphy and Late Pleistocene Extinction in the United States . In Martin, P.S. and Klein, R.G. ( eds. ) . 1984.Quaternate Extinctions. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 345-353.Jones, S. , Martin, R. and Pilbeam, D. ( explosive detection systems. ) 1992.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Leakey, R. 1994.The Origin of Humankind. London: Weidenfeld & A ; Nicolson.Martin, P.S. 1973. The find of America.Science179, 969-74.Morwood, M. , Sutikna, T. and Roberts, R. 2005. World of the Small People.National GeographicVol.207/4 ( April ) , 2-15.Potts, R. 1992. The hominian manner of life. In Jones et Al. ( eds. ) . 1992.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 325-334.Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. 1996.Archaeology, Theories, Methods and Practice. London: Thames & A ; Hudson.Stanford, C.B. 2001.The Hunting Apes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Stringer, C.B. 1992. Development of australopithecines. In Jones et Al. ( eds. ) . 1992.The Cambridge Encyclopedi a of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 241-254.Wood, B.A. 1992. Development of early worlds. In Jones et Al. ( eds. ) . 1992.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 231-240.

Do new dependency theories overcome the weaknesses of classical dependency theories?

IntroductionOver the century’s, economic development theorist have put forward various models for explaining the â€Å"underdeveloped-ness† of countries in the Third World. However, with sociological theory comes criticisms and despite lasting a great deal of time in the framework of the international sphere, classical dependency has been subjected to a barrage of criticism on theoretical, empirical, methodological, and stylistic grounds. In this essay, it is my aim to analyse the criticism put forwards while simultaneously determining whether or not the modification by new dependency theorists have overcome these flaws.Before doing so we must firstly acquaint ourselves with the origins of the dependency theory, first formulated in the late 1950s under the guidance of the Director of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America, Raul Prebisch. The second part of this essay will provide an analytic account of Paul Baran and Andre Gunder Frank’s classic al studies of dependency theory, looking at their general perspectives and adaptation to Marxism.Once this has been achieve, the third and final part of this essay aims to draw out the criticism that have been put forward on classical dependency studies while looking at new dependency theorist; Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Stephan M. Haggard and Thomas B. Gold perspectives. This will allow me to conclude how sophisticated new dependency studies are in overcoming the flaws of the classical dependency studies. Origins of Dependency Theories Given the many interpretations given to dependency, how can one capture the concept of dependency in a concise manner?Dos Santos, defines it as â€Å"a historical condition that shapes a certain structure of the world economy such that it favours some countries to the detriment of others, and limits the development possibilities of the subordinate economies†. (SO, A, Y. 1990: 99) Whereas liberals (mainstream economists) define underdevelopment as a condition in which countries find themselves in, depedentistas see it as a process in which less developed nations are trapped because of the relationship between the developed and underdeveloped countries in the world economy. (SANCHEZ, O.  2003)However, it can be agreed that dependency theory is not a socioeconomic relation that just â€Å"occurs†, it is developed historically through capitalism’s power-relations between the first world and the third world. In order to understand dependency theory, we first need to place the model in historical context by examining its origins. Emerging in the late 1940’s against the development theory of modernization which examined development from the point of view of the United States and other Western Countries, The Dependency Theory took the approach of viewing development from a Third World perspective.According to Blomsorm and Hettne, the dependency theory represents the â€Å"voices from the periphery†. (Blomsorm, M, Hettne, B. 1984) Dependency theory arose out of central and south America in the 1960s and 1970s, but was part of a larger movement that was asking a lot of questions about international relations at the time. One of those questions was â€Å"why are so many countries not developing? † The traditional answer to this question was that these countries are not perusing the right economic policies or the governments are authoritarian or corrupt.However, dependency theorists wanted to find out if that was all there was to it, which lead them to argue that countries were not developing around the world due to international division of labour, class distinction and global capitalism. The diagram above (Wikimedia commons, 2008) is a clear example of what dependency theorist meant when they argue that there are a number of different kinds of states in the world which all form a different funtion in the world’s economy. First you have the core states are the most richest and powerful (e.g Europe and North America).These states dominate in terms of industry and technology and as a result the semi-periphey and periphery states (e. g Latin America and South Africa), who are characterised by resource extraction economy, argiculture production and providing cheap labour, serve the economic intrest of the richest countires. Dependency theory became popular as a criticism of modernization theory (also known as development theory) which seemed to be failing due to the continued widespread poverty of large parts of the world.This may be because modernisation theory only offers an â€Å"internal† explanation of Third world development. For example, it assumes that there is something wrong inside Third world countries- such as traditional culture, overpopulation, little investment, or lack of achievement motivation- and this is why Third world countries are backward and stagnant. (So, A, Y. 1990: 92) The theory believes in order for third world countries to reach modernity they need to look up to western countries as mentors and follow western paths of development.However, dependency theorists argue that this is impossible to do so because of colonialism. â€Å"The colonial experience has totally restructured Third world countries and has drastically altered their paths of development† (So, A, Y. 1990. :96) Looking back at liberal reformer Prebisch and the ECLA strategy of protectionism and industrialization, he believed, in order to put an end to all problems of development, poorer countries should embark on programs of import substitution so that they need not purchase the manufactured products from the richer countries.The poorer countries would still sell their primary products on the world market, but their foreign exchange reserves would not be used to purchase their manufactures from abroad. (Larrain, J, 1989:110) However, this was not as straight forward as anticipated, because if a poorer nation makes any a ttempt to resist against the power of the rich nations they may have to face military force or economic sanctions.â€Å"Developed nations actively keep developing nations in a subservient position, often through economic force by instituting sanctions, or by proscribing free trade policies attached to loans granted by the World Bank or International Monetary Fund†. (WiseGeek, 2003) Despite the failure of Prebisch international trade theory, it is undoubtable that it provided the dependency theory with the support that it needed, and showed some semblance of what dependence means in this type of economic system. (Moses, D, 2012)In a nutshell, Development and Underdevelopment are two sides of the same coin. Wealthy nations of the world need a peripheral group of poorer states in order to remain wealthy. Using a variety of political economic interventions as well as media, education systems and interventional sporting events wealthy nations control poorer nations, making them de pendent. And it is in their best interest to keep the poorer nations poor by using Ha-Joon Chang metaphor â€Å"kicking the developing ladder away† so that they can continue to steal the poor’s natural wealth and exploit their workers.Latin America was asked to produce food, raw materials for the great industrial center, and in return, Latin America would receive industrial goods from these centers. (So, A, Y. 1990:93) Classical Dependency Theory In this next section we will examine Neo-Marxist theorist’s Paul Baran (1910–1964) and Andre Gunder Frank’s (1929–2005) who developed dependency theory from Marxian analysis.â€Å"The dependency theory is rooted in a Marxism analysis of the global economy and as a direct challenge to the free market economic policies of the post-War era† (Ferraro, V, 2008) In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued within the capitalist economy the bourgeoisie mercilessly exploited the proletariat. He recognised that the work carried out by the proletariat created great wealth for the capitalist. The products created in the factory (the material outcome of the workers' labour) were sold for more than the value of the labour itself i. e. more than the workers' wages.Like Karl Marx (1818–1883), Baran and Frank argued a similar exploitative system of stratification between countries. Usage of Marxist ideology can be seen as strength of the dependency theory as led the way to other neo-Marxist investigations of the linkage and possible reconciliation between Dependency Theory and Marxism. Paul A Baran Baran is the first author within the theory of imperialism who studies the class structures and economic processes of underdeveloped countries, but more importantly, he was the first Marxist author who puts in doubt the homogeneous conception of world capitalism.  (Larrain, J, 1989:80)Baran believed imperialism had penetrated underdeveloped countries, destroying earlier social formations and distorting their subsequent development, creating lasting conditions of dependency. Underdeveloped countries were systematically subordinated to the developed countries in the international division of labour. However, Baran was not the first to make such arguments. Traces of such views of imperialism can be found in Marxism.â€Å"if it were not for the distorting effects of imperialism, the country that is more developed industrially would have shown to the less developed the image of its own future† (Foster, J, 2007) Baran’s Political Economy of Growth argued that Third world countries were characterized by small industrial sectors and large agricultural sectors, which was not immensely profitable on world a scale. He emphasized class relations and their impact on utilization of economic surplus, as well as the distribution of power as primary barriers which prevented development.He espoused that internal conditions were the source of the major problems in under developed countries, and recommended state intervention to promote nationally controlled industrialization as a precondition for evolution of other industrial sectors. (TheDevelopmentStudent, 2010) Baran’s uses his study of India as an example of a country which would have developed much better had it not been for the surplus torn from it by Britain. In his study he traced how British colonialism contributed to the underdevelopment of India through plundering, deindustrialisation, and the uprooting of the local society.  (So, A, Y. 1990:111)Although, Baran agrees with Marx that one should not idealise India’s pre-Britain past, he maintains that ‘at the same time, I should not be overlooked that India, if left to herself, might have found in the course of time a shorter and surely less tortuous road towards a better and richer society’ (Larrain, J, 1989:86) This study can be highlighted as a powerful insight of the classical dependency theories which has directed researchers to examine the process by which foreign domination had shaped the development of Third World countries.  (So, A, Y. 1990:129)Overall, the work of Paul Baran can be considered a very important landmark in the refurbishing of the theory of imperialism after the Second World War. He introduced such crucial changes to it that it is possible to argue that his contribution is the hinge which joins or articulate the theory of imperialism with, and marks the beginning of dependency theory. (Larrain, J, 1989:115) Andre Gunder Frank Andre Gunder Frank was one of the key figures under the Dependency Theory as well as the first to write in English.In his most influential writings ‘The Development of Underdevelopment (1969)’ Frank drew inspiration from Paul Baran, focusing upon the dependent character of peripheral Latin American economies, and was able to conceptualise Baran’s notions in terms of a capitalist world system of metropolitan and satellite areas. Metropolitans are countries that are considered as the colonizers or developed countries and the satellites on the other hand are the colonies and considered underdeveloped countries.Satellites supply cheap primary commodities to the rich countries that then use the raw materials to produce specialized good, and then send them back to the satellites for profit. Frank argues that this metropolished-satellite relationship is only in existence to serve the â€Å"interests of the metropoles which take advantage of this global, national, and local structure to promote their own development and the enrichment of their ruling classes† (Moses, D, 2012.)He argues that the reason why LDCs are getting poorer is because the exploitation it experiences from the DCs such as extracting raw materials from the LDCs while the DCs manufacture, deliver and sell the final product to LDCs with a price hitting the ceiling. In his famous writing entitled as Dependency theory claims that the r elation of imperialism and domination trapped poor nations at the bottom of the global economy.  (Larrain, J, 1989:115)Frank purposed four hypotheses, one being â€Å"the satellites experience their greatest economic development and especially their most classically capitalist industrial development if and when their ties to their metropolis are weakest† (So, A, Y. 1990:98) Therefore, his solution to the problem was that Third world countries â€Å"de-link† themselves from the world market, allowing them the opportunity to develop instead of distributing their own resources to the metropoles.However, as stated previous, due to military force or economic sanctions this may not be possible. By escalating Baran’s views and adapting them to the analysis of the Latin American situation, Frank’s idea that capitalism expanded from Europe and managed to incorporate the whole world in a single international system, quickly became well known all over the academic world and gave intellectual currency to dependency theory.Critique of classical dependency studies and modification by new dependency theorist The dependency perspective seems to have been particularly popular during the 1960s, but based on the classical dependency theories outlined above, it has since lost some of its attraction and has been the subject of a great deal of criticism since the 1970s. Firstly, it can be claimed that dependency theory itself was betrayed by the very formulation of its name. Many critics argue that it is not a theory, but can more accurately be conceived of as an approach to the study of underdevelopment.In fact, new dependency theorists such as Cardoso objected to the term ‘theory' to describe it. He believed it is an overarching framework within which one might formulate specific hypotheses/theories, a ‘methodology for the analysis of concrete situations of dependency. ‘ It did not predict determinate, discrete outcomes. Rather, it sought to provide a new perspective from which to examine the problematique of economic backwardness. (Cardoso, F, H. 1977:15) For many social scientists the methodological faults of the approach were too obvious to ignore.As stated earlier, the dependency theory arose as a critique of the modernisation theory. However, the modernisation school fought back, characterising the dependency perspective as a propaganda fragment of Marxist revolutionary ideology. Instead of providing a scientific analysis of what has actually happened in third world countries, the concept of dependency has become an all-purpose explanation for everything that is wrong with third world countries (So, A, Y. 1990:131) Another methodological criticism was that classical theorist Baran and Frank committed a major error of treating all peripheral areas as if they were the same.Fernando, H, Cardoso is usually singled out as the key figure of the new dependency studies. Unlike the general analysis of the classica l dependency school, Cardosos methodology is â€Å"historical-structural†. (So, A, Y. 1990:135) Therefore, he paid more attention to historically specific situations of dependency than classical theorist Baran and Frank. In this work, Cardoso pointed out that the shift from the Brazilian populist regime to military regime was represented as the pursuing of a new model of â€Å"associated-dependent development† in Brazil.He added that there were many new activities, which has been done by military regime in Brazil. Goertzel (1999) suggests that Cardoso’s success: ‘†¦ has come not because he has had a better theory but because he has always kept one question at the center of his thinking: What will happen if society selects one course of action over another? To answer this question, he has focused on the sociology of the historical conjuncture rather than on general theory†¦ ’ (Goertzel, T.  1999:182)However, Cardoso work too received much criticism for his esoteric style of writing. One scholar, assessing Cardoso and Faletto's Dependency and Development, decries the authors' â€Å"ornately Hegelian style† which is held to be partly responsible for the â€Å"confusing and even contradictory† message of dependency theory (Staniland, M. 1985:134). However, Cardoso himself admitted that â€Å"if there have been so many distortions in the consumption [of dependency theory], it is because the original production was not clear regarding several points† (Cardoso, F, H.1977, 17).Dependency theorist overemphasised the factor of external conditions, and neglected the role of internal dynamics such as class conflicts and the state. Petra’s (1982) indicated that â€Å"to conceptualise the issues of the Third World in terms of dependency is to lose sight of the most decisive processes class formation and social relations which beget change and the particular configurations of social forces which emerg e on a world scale†. (Petras, J.  1982:148)New dependency theorist Cardoso overcame this weakness by focusing on the internal structures of dependency. According to Alvin Y. So â€Å"Cardoso is more interested in analysing the socio-political aspect of dependency, especially class struggles, group conflict, and political movements† (So, A, Y. 1990:136) Classical dependency theorists have become subject to criticised on policy implication. The dependency perspective emphasizes the harmful effects of colonialism and international division of labor.But in fact, the success of countries such as India, south Korea and Taiwan have proven this idea wrong, especially Baran’s study on colonialism who once believed India moved backwards, from a relatively advanced industrial nation to a backward agricultural nation with the belief that it would never escape the British rule and develop again. Dependency may not lead to underdevelopment and as such periphery countries mov e from â€Å"underdevelopment† to becoming serious economic heavyweights it can be used to argue against the theory.Unlike classical dependency theorist (e. g.  Landberg) who portray the miracle of East Asian development as â€Å"manufacturing imperialism† New dependency theorist Thomas B Gold (1986) uses the concept of â€Å"dynamic dependency† in his study of Taiwan’s development. Taiwan’s starting point of development was in most ways very similar of that of Latin American countries. Like other colonial governments, the Japanese implanted a structure of dependent capitalism in Taiwan and skewed the economy to the production of two primary good (rice and sugar). Gold believed that Taiwan was undeniably restructured by Japan, it was not underdeveloped.Soon after World War 2 Taiwan broke free from the Japanese colonial rule and have attained rapid economic development. (So, A, Y. 1990:158) Therefore this rejects classical dependent theoristâ€⠄¢s assumption that this is impossible for a country to develop if it has experienced colonialism. Furthermore, determinism also burdens dependency with what Stephan Haggard has called the ‘structuralist paradox'. â€Å"The model was outlined to help identify the international constraints associated with certain development paths in order to overcome them.†However, dependency does not allow for the possibility that particular state strategies may act to reduce those international constraints. (Haggard, S. 1990: 21) In response to this new dependency theorist such as Cardoso view dependency as an open-ended process. Unlike classical predictions of unidirectional trend of underdevelopment in Third World countries He argues â€Å"that there can be development and dependency and that there exist more dynamic forms of dependence than those characterising enclave or quasi-colonial situations† (So, A, Y.  1990:137)Even though the new dependency perspective has modifie d some of the classical dependency perspective, they still share the same concept such as focus research is Third world countries, national level of analysis, and center – periphery dependency. According to Larrain â€Å"Dependency analyses share similar interests in studying the situation of peripheral capitalist countries from the point of view of the conditioning effects which external forces and structures produce on the internal structures of these countries† (Larrain, J. 1989; 112) ConclusionIn conclusion this essay has demonstrated an overall understanding of dependency theory, by originating back into the 1940s where it all began, following up to its relevance in today world. As well as the strengths of the theory, the essay has discussed the ways in which dependency has been subjected to a barrage of criticism on theoretical, empirical, methodological, and stylistic grounds. Furthermore it has researched and demonstrated how new dependency theorists have modif ied classical dependency studies in order to overcome their weaknesses.Overall I feel that Cardoso’s analysis in more sophisticated than the classical dependency studies. His work has added the lack of explanation in the classical work; it has improved on many of its criticisms and emphasizes broader explanation on what happen in the third world. I also believe that Cardoso’s research, along with Gold’s study of Taiwan’s, has shaped the direction of empirical studies in the dependency school and started a whole new investigation on dependent development in the third world.

Writing You Can Sell on Etsy

Writing You Can Sell on Etsy For many writers, writing is not just a way to pay the bills, but also a craft and an art form. What better way to pay bills more effectively than marketing that craft and art on Etsy, the e-commerce website dedicated to crafters and artists? As a sales platform, Etsy promotes unique craft and vintage items, and good writers can offer a range of products suitable for this marketplace without needing to be experts at handicrafts or antiquing. Written crafts that can be sold on Etsy include: Customized Letters: Letters from Santa are the most popular, but other customized letters from fictional fairies and holiday characters can also sell reasonably well. Offer personalization in each letter and use colorful stationery and fonts for more appeal. Take care to avoid copyrighted items, however, such as mascots or other trademarked characters. Poetry: A thoughtful poem can be an ideal gift when paired with an inspirational or related photograph, and writers can team up with photographers to offer unique items. Other poetry options include customized cards or verses for use with weddings or memorials. Toasts: Like poetry, personalized toasts are ideal crafts that writers are in a unique position to offer. A few detailed questions can offer enough personal insight for a thoughtful and creative toast perfect for a wedding, job promotion, new ba Templates: Writers often create custom newsletter, brochure or other templates for clients, and selling customized templates on Etsy can be lucrative. Theme templates for different types of craft-oriented businesses and offer writing services along with the template for even more sales, but be sure not to offer templates that are already in use Resumes: Resume writing can be big business, and experienced resume writers can offer their craft at reasonable prices through this online marketplace. Just like templates, the resumes should be personalized and finely customized to suit each clients needs, and different general themes can be offered for different sales. Books: Novelists and book authors can take advantage of Etsy Getting started on Etsy does take a financial commitment, just as writing requires you to purchase office supplies, business cards and other equipment. Registering and buying on Etsy are free, but selling items costs $.20 per listing (listings last four months or until the item sells, whichever is first), plus a 3.5% fee on the sales price. Those costs are easy business deductions, however, and can quickly be covered with profits from individual sales. When you make your first sale, the potential profits dont stop with just the one item youve sold. Enclose a business card or promotional bookmark with each package, and include your website or blog information with every listing. Slowly but surely you will build a unique platform for your writing and will advertise your business to an unusual but no less profitable niche of customers and clients.

buy custom Great Leaders essay

buy custom Great Leaders essay Charlemagne and Augustus Caesar are two great names in the history of men. Their achievement and accomplishment is far from emulation. They have left a mark in the history for what they did are worth to be remembered forever. It has been said that these two great men were considered as two great leaders that the mankind has ever produced. However, much we know of them is more on the fact that they were not contemporaries and we tend to separate one another. It is the now the purpose of this essay to present that the two great men of history namely, Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus, do have similarities and some extent of deviation from one another. The main reference of this essay is the Life of Charlemagne by Einhard and and Augustus Caesars Res Gestae Divi Augusti, in "Discovering the Western Past". To proceed I would like to cite specific satge in our two great mens lives as societys highest leader and how are they similar and how do they differ in that specific stage. The accession to the throne In order to start this essay, let me begin by describing how Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus ascend to the throne fit for a king. What have they done to deserve such honor and title? Is the born innate to them since the day theyre born? Or had they work for it? The Augustus Caesars Res Gestae Divi Augusti had revealed that Caesar Augustus ascended to the throne by working on it and gaining the peoples trust specially those who compose the council. Thus, Caesar assumed the highest office through public approval which was after he had proven his worth as a leader. While Einhard revealed that Charlemagne inherited the throne from his father. But whichever reason paved the way to the throne for these two great men, I think that the two texts both agreed that Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus both proven and shown their capacity and worth as the highest leader of their country in their times. On war and in pursuit of kingdom expansion As a leader on those times of Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus, one main concern of the state is to protect the state from being invaded by other expanding state and to expanding by invading other states. Thus army and defenses were priorities of the state during that time.Just like Caesar Augustus, Charlemagne had done this army thing. He managed to led his army against different foes and he emerged victorious. Thus, during his time, there is apparent expansion of the state. More properties were grabbed. Many resources were gained. Through this,the state became richer and richer than ever. According to the two texts which is the Life of Charlemagne and Augustus Caesars Res Gestae Divi Augusti showed the greatness of the two in terms of facing war and making tough decisions when a need arises. The two great leaders had a clear program on what to extend, why extending land and the ways and means to implement such program. Einhard clearly expressed the aggressiveness of Charlemagne in war. He did not mention that Charlemagne take a second thought in his participation in war. Hes confident in every war hes into and he took sure steps. Hes ambitious in expanding his territory. Just like Charlemagne, Caesar Augustus seemed to be ambitious too in expanding his kingdom. However, Caesar sought peace in his war. It is evident in his writings, I extended the frontiers of all the provinces.I restored peace to Gallic and Spanish provinces. Charlemagne too created an atmosphere of peace in his territory since he tried to settle public and political dispute by letting the captives choose, death or Christianity. On public and social works Leader as they were, theyre ought to perform social task that will bring forth benefit for the people. They must fulfill their duty in caring and giving whats best for his society. Thus, Charlemagne and Caesar Augustus were subject to social and political responsibilities and obligations. Einhard mentioned that Charlemagne although occupied by the thought of subduing the other nations, he had devised plans about programs that will benefit his constituents and some were completed. These projects range from bridges to landmarks and basilicas. While Caesar Augustus focused on sensible games of Olympics and honoring such using his name. thus Augustus concerns more in improving physical aspect of public life. He is more concern of amusement. Although being more focus in the Olympics and the development of physical prowess, Augustus took time in managing the engineering of different structures that became the landmarks of the ancient Rome. Thus, we here the similarity of the two in giving time for public works but Augustus focus more on amusements and the development of physical prowess of his constituent. On democracy Let us be aware that the contemporary of Augustus is the birth of the concept of democracy and Augustus was completely aware of that. He completely understands that his power emanates from the voice of people who voted him thus he was well guuided throughout his reign that no one stood higher than the mass who elected him. Thus, a primary concept of democracy was visible in Augustus leadership. One event that provides the proof that Augustus was indeed a democratic leader is that he transferred his power to Roman senate and people. This action is greatly a breakthrough in other astronomical studies. Unlike Caesar Augustus, Charlemagnes reign is a monarchial format where there is only one leader in the group and all decision emanates from her. This is due to the fact that democracy that time is not popular and just a fresh idea that needs to be tested. Thus, many have doubted that album. Conclusion: Einhards depiction of Charlemagnes life and leadership skills contains similarities and some differences with how Caesar Augustus described his character in his Caesars Res Gestae Divi Augusti. And I would like to sum up the similarities and differences of two great men ever written in pages of history. In order to present this MCQ, allow me to deliver this in numbered form. The two leaders share a common thirst. A thirst for territorial expansion. As a result, they have used war as a tool in attaining this goal. However, Augustus considers establishing peace in different provinces where civil disputes occur. The two leaders provided public works which involves building infrastructure which will benefit the society where theyre living. However, August put more emphasis in public entertainment and to the development of physical prowess among its faculty. Charlemagnes leadership is more on monarchial while Augustus performance is very good and he is more adapting the democracy way of teaching. Comparing the two great leaders in history will leave us a question, who is the better of the two? Which leader did more in the society? Let us recall that the two leaders were born in different time frame with different existing social condition. It is said that Charlemagne did small things compare to Caesars achievement. Let us note that during Charlemagnes regime, the civilization is still at low. Only few were given a chance to educate themselves. Unlike during Caesars time, the civilization is at top or high level of literacy and mental activities are present. We cannot compare whose contribution is best since each contribution is serving the very purpose of the time it was served. Buy custom Great Leaders essay

Four Common Idioms from Shakespeare

Four Common Idioms from Shakespeare Four Common Idioms from Shakespeare Four Common Idioms from Shakespeare By Maeve Maddox What do the following examples from the Web have in common? Changing my mind  is not something that happens often.  Its a simple case of  me  stating  my  point and  refusing to budge an inch  from it.   US Recovery Cold Comfort for Unemployed Are your kids  eating  you  out of house and home  during the summer? . I made the mistake of buying him an egg salad sandwich, even though  in my heart of hearts I knew  he wouldnt like or eat it. Each one contains a phrase from Shakespeare that is still in widespread use. refuse to budge an inch In the frame story of The Taming of the Shrew, drunken Christopher Sly has been thrown out of an inn. An inn employee threatens to call the law on him, but Sly refuses to be intimidated by the threat. He tells the employee to call whom he will, but that he’ll â€Å"not budge an inch.† Sly uses the expression literally: he will not physically move from the place where he immediately falls asleep. In modern usage, the idiom is usually used figuratively with the meaning, â€Å"stand firm,† â€Å"refuse to change one’s mind on a matter.† cold comfort Shakespeare uses this expression in two plays: The Taming of the Shrew and King John. In the Shrew, Grumio uses the expression in a lengthy and bawdy punning exchange with another servant. In King John, the king, dying of poison, suffers from a burning fever. When his attendants inquire how he feels, he responds hyperbolically, personifying Winter and chiding them for not asking winter: to make his bleak winds kiss my parched lips And comfort me with cold. I do not ask you much; I beg cold comfort; and you are so strait And so ingrateful you deny me that. In modern usage, â€Å"cold comfort† is used figuratively in contexts in which something that is good in one sense is not adequate consolation for those who do not benefit from it. For example, the news of a drop in unemployment is â€Å"cold comfort† to people who remain unemployed. to eat one out of house and home In Henry IV, Part 2, Hostess Quickly of the Boar’s Head tavern has called the law on Falstaff because he has run up an unpaid bill of 100 marks. When the Lord Chief Justice asks for details, she says, â€Å"He hath eaten me out of house and home; he hath put all my substance into that fat belly of his.† In modern usage, the expression seems to be especially common in reference to teenagers. in my heart of hearts Shakespeare puts the expression in Hamlet’s mouth, although without a plural: Give me that man That is not passion’s slave, and I will wear him In my heart’s core, ay, in my heart of heart. Hamlet is praising Horatio for being the kind of man who can be trusted. In modern usage the phrase â€Å"heart of hearts† means, â€Å"the seat of one’s truest feelings.† The expression is especially popular on dating sites. For example: The most important question to ask yourself is this:  In your heart of hearts, do you believe that he or she is the one and only? Happy Birthday, Shakespeare! He was not of an age, but for all time!- Ben Jonson (1572-1637) William Shakespeare Born: April 23, 1564 Died: April 23, 1616 Related posts Shakespeare’s Vocabulary Book Titles From Shakespeare Sources of Titles Drawn from Shakespeare 20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays The Most Unkindest Cut of All Thou Lily-livered Boy Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?44 Resume Writing Tips7 Proofreading Steps

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 3 CBT Essay

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 3 CBT - Essay Example Fraud as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law is "any act, expression, omission, or concealment calculated to deceive another to his or her disadvantage; specifically: a misrepresentation or concealment with reference to some fact material to a transaction that is made with knowledge of its falsity or in reckless disregard of its truth..." The HIPAA or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 defines it as ''a criminal conspiracy or a violation" to specific provisions indicated in the U.S. Code which pertains to conspiracy relating to a health care benefit program'' 18 U.S.C. x 24(a). Furthermore, fraud is basically considered as an act of misrepresentation or deception designed to acquire something of value held by some other; and the most common forms of fraud among nurses documented by CNO include: falsifying a record; collecting pay under false pretenses; misappropriating property or money through deceptive means; and providing false information to ones employer (Quality Practice, 2003; p 1). Below outlines the managerial, legal, ethical and financial implications brought about by fraudulent and financial abuse in the health care industry. The unnecessary patient treatments that are being ordered, limits the patient's coverage which may be subsequently met prematurely; later, patients may not be able to expend co-payments for gratuitous visits. In addition, false diagnoses for the purpose of up-coding may affect the patient's ability to obtain maintain insurance coverage since the information is available primarily to other potential insurers (Busch, 2007).According the National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association, around $56.7 to $170 billion is the estimated loss annually (Department of Health and Human Services, 2005). Centers for Medicaid & Medicare (2006) expressed that the dollars lost to reimbursement of Medicare and Medicaid as well as intentional improper billing could have been used to fund the health insurance of low-income persons; if they were not acquired or end up in the pockets of the unscrupulous health care suppliers and providers. The Provision 3.5 under the Code of Ethics calls upon that all nurses needs to take appropriate action about any instances of unethical, incompetent, illegal or impaired practice by members of the health care team or any action on the side of others by the health care system which places the best interest of the patient (American Nurses Association, 2001). Fletcher, Sorrell, and Silva (1998) have point out that nurses are frequently called upon to make sacrifices, in their personal as well as professional, ones they adhere strictly to Nurses' Code of Ethics. This code 3 requires nurses' accountability as professionals however fails to acknowledge that the reality is that in the health care system, many nurses have limited power within. Job security for fraud investigators and auditors remains strong. Over the years, it continues to attract the nurses who are ethically challenged. Health care fraud is oftentimes buried within the functions in critical business. In 2006, initiatives were made to implement the development of health information technology infrastructure, in order to improve the

Discuss the advantages of analysing organizations as incentive Essay

Discuss the advantages of analysing organizations as incentive mechanisms - Essay Example Hence, financial stability and economic prosperity is the basic motive behind all the efforts made by the individuals for obtaining different skills, degrees and qualifications. Theorists are of the opinion that the higher the level of education and technical skill or both, the brighter the probabilities of attaining respectable socioeconomic status in individual and collective life of the people. â€Å"In the age of globalisation, the knowledge economy discourse has become a way to characterise the new relationships between the state, society and economy and rendered higher education increasingly important for the international competitiveness of the nation states through their central tasks of generation, application and dissemination of knowledge and training high skilled labour force.† (Macerinskiene & Vaiksnoraite, 2006) Consequently, the efforts made in learning and studies certainly carry the purpose of enjoying incentives in the form of salaries, profits, facilities an d promotions in professional career. All corporate firms and organisations are well aware of this very reality that managers, employees, staff members and workers stick to one company provided it continues the policy of offering various incentives in the form of reasonable salary package, announces bonuses on showing excellent performance, assures job security, medical allowances and regular promotions on the basis on capabilities, dedication and targets achievement. The present study looks for analysing the companies as incentive mechanisms in the light of the theories articulated by the scholars and philosophers time and again pointing out the advantages of incentives in the growth of the organisations on the one hand, and in the performance of the work force on the other. Celebrated psychologist theorist Abraham H. Maslow has articulated his Need Hierarchy Theory in 1943 on the very notion of motivational effects, where he submits to state that five basic motivational scales are inevitable for the companies for the maintenance of the employees’ satisfaction. These levels include fulfilment of physiological needs, safety assurance, social/professional recognition, ego and self- actualising. (Maslow, 1943) The theorist argues that since motivational factors aptly rise from the lowest possible scales, so the most fundamental needs and requirements of the employees must be satisfied in precedence for the upgrading of their performance on the one hand, and for accelerating the pace of their interest in the tasks they are expected to accomplish on the other. Maslow vehemently declares the fulfilment of physiological needs as highly supportive for the job satisfaction of the workers. He is of the opinion that the employees should be assigned the tasks keeping in view their aptitude, interest, dexterity and command, which will not only turn out as the most inspirational factor of motivation for them, but also may pave the way towards the growth and developme nt of the organisation at large. Consequently, the more attractive and relevant to the disposition and aptitude of an employee the work, the higher will be the level of his motivation while performing his obligations and giving results to the organisation. In addition, if an employee's salary or wages are not sufficient to buy basic necessities including food, clothing and shelter for him and his family, his motivation level will surely be low and he will be unable to pay due heed to his work. Furthermore, job

See the attach file Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

See the attach file - Essay Example From this latter perspective, a woman with no children and based on her religious beliefs does not seek medical care for herself, her family, or friends is causing harm by not seeking medical advice, although her act of not having children should be allowed. Mill offers several reasons why experiments of living should be allowed. He offers the infallibility argument, in which he contends that society, as it is, is not perfect and the only manner in which society can move forward is by allowing for experiments of life (Gray 52). Natural selection and the forces that drive it need change to occur if they are to work. The selective process would only allow the production of happiness. Whereby, if there is a greater population of people living happily under a particular method, this method will spread to other areas. Since a specific way of life could be an improvement on the way people live; no way of life should be forbidden or suppressed (Gray 52). In the case of a woman with no child ren refusing medical help for anyone, her life cannot bring any happiness and, as such, cannot spread. This way of life will not improve anyone’s life, including hers. ... Ways of life that are flawed, rendering them undesirable as the common rule, rather than being the exception, do possess merits and valuable ideas. Ideas that can benefit society can only be achieved when society allows practical testing and trial of these ways of life (Gray 54). Therefore, even disagreeable living experiments like that of this woman should be allowed in the case of not bearing children. This partly true argument can be furthered through the contention that even a way of life that has no tangible benefits for anyone involved must be allowed. This is because it will act as a highlight to the benefits of other ways of life (Gray 55). Only when society tries out a way of life in reality that it can be judged to have no merit. Hence, it acts as evidence of the manner in which its guiding principles work practically. For example, the woman who refuses medical care for everyone may be suggestive of life that is permanently full of divine grace and hope, which is a perfect aim to work for. An experiment of living like this one offers vivid evidence that the goal it aims for is flawed. John Mill also argues that the fact that the human race is made of diverse groups and cultures, is proof that society should encourage diverse modes of living. All persons possess different characters and, therefore, all persons have diverse ways of life, which are best for them. In John Mill’s words, â€Å"The same mode of life is a healthy excitement to one, keeping all his faculties of action and enjoyment in their best order, while to another it is a distracting burden which suspends or crushes all internal life† (Mill 44). Where there is an attempt to

Connection journal about nutrient cycling Assignment

Connection journal about nutrient cycling - Assignment Example Meanwhile, biotic components may refer to various staff or personnel who takes up the nutrients or ideas for publication. Now that we are quite familiar to the connection that we established, let us take nutrient cycling inside the magazine office. Ideas are always present in the atmosphere, just like nitrogen. Ideas can be converted into functional ideas with the help of creative staff. It is comparable to the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that converts nitrogen to nitrates. Next, the creative director takes in the ideas of the creative staff and forms the cover and photo concepts. The same goes through with the cycle when plants take in nitrogen and form proteins. The next level of hierarchy goes to the managing director who is constantly in contact with the creative director and consumes the proteins formed within a span of time. In the absence of both the creative and managing director, the tasks may not be completed and eventually phase-out. When both plants (creative director) and animals (managing director) die or become absent in the process, proteins (final ideas) formed decompose into nitr ogen in atmosphere. In this case, the role of the editor-in-chief to oversee the whole process takes effect until the editor-in-chief establish constant contact again with the creative and managing directors or until the cycle starts

Strategic Marketing Planning of S&W and Makatume Assignment

Strategic Marketing Planning of S&W and Makatume - Assignment Example The high consumer demand gives the opportunity to the company to charge higher prices, be better placed in retailers' shelf space and have co-op advertising. Weaknesses = its costs are high since its old production plants are in urban areas whereas labor costs are high. Another weakness is that there is a market confusion between it's professional and consumer tools. The distributors, on the other hand, feel that the company has abused its market position. A further weakness is that S&W is not present in the fast-growing cordless segment. Opportunities = Makatume is locked into lower voltages so there is enough space for S&W to enter the high voltage space. There is also space for the lower voltage market since apart from Makatume, the other players are small companies (domestic and foreign niche competitors). Makatume's position was also due to the favorable exchange rates but the exchange rate forecast for the next years is not that favorable. Threats = Makatume has a good reputation in tradesmen for its professional tools. Makatume follows an aggressive strategy and its aim is to become the No2 player in the US market. It has also a dominant market share in the growing cordless segment. The primary step will cost reduction so as S&W can become more competitive and survive competition from cheaper producers such as Makatume and the Chinese. The production plants through offshoring should move to countries where labor costs are lower. However, S&W should take care that the quality of products manufactured in foreign plants should be equivalent to the ones produced locally. The old production plants, on the other hand, could be used for other business purposes (e.g. premises) or at least they could be rent.Another weakness is the market confusion for consumer and professional tools. Since S&W advertises heavily then it can make a clear positioning of the above tools in its advertisements. There should be market researches done prior and post the advertising campaigns which will check the degree of confusion in the minds of consumers.  

Connection journal about nutrient cycling Assignment

Connection journal about nutrient cycling - Assignment Example Meanwhile, biotic components may refer to various staff or personnel who takes up the nutrients or ideas for publication. Now that we are quite familiar to the connection that we established, let us take nutrient cycling inside the magazine office. Ideas are always present in the atmosphere, just like nitrogen. Ideas can be converted into functional ideas with the help of creative staff. It is comparable to the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that converts nitrogen to nitrates. Next, the creative director takes in the ideas of the creative staff and forms the cover and photo concepts. The same goes through with the cycle when plants take in nitrogen and form proteins. The next level of hierarchy goes to the managing director who is constantly in contact with the creative director and consumes the proteins formed within a span of time. In the absence of both the creative and managing director, the tasks may not be completed and eventually phase-out. When both plants (creative director) and animals (managing director) die or become absent in the process, proteins (final ideas) formed decompose into nitr ogen in atmosphere. In this case, the role of the editor-in-chief to oversee the whole process takes effect until the editor-in-chief establish constant contact again with the creative and managing directors or until the cycle starts

Software ownership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Software ownership - Essay Example The university was the pillar of the research in terms of financing. In addition, it had agreed to license the software for use in the research by Cyprotex. It was also argued that if Cyprotex had the software’s copyright, the University would not have been obligated to issue a license. The High Court and Appeal Court, therefore, found the university guilty. The High Court judge ruled that there was a misinterpretation of how the software was to be used. The contract had restrictions regarding the use of the research for commercial purposes. On the other hand, the Appeal Court based its judgement on a side agreement between the University and Cyprotex. The court held that Cyprotex’s employee was indeed an agent the University. The judge, therefore, held that the university should have been the owner of the software’s copyright. It would then be appropriate to hold the university accountable because it reserves the copyright to the

Human Resource Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Essay 1. One of the major components of any business is people. The management of people or human resource forms an integral part of any manager’s duty. This makes human resource management an important subject in today’s business scenario. Human resource management refers to the optimum utilization of manpower keeping in mind the focus of the concerned organization. Human resource management focuses on better productivity and in turn, higher profits through better utilization and management of people. As the name suggests, Globalization refers to the free and easy movement of goods, raw material, services, capital, ideas and information across the globe, from one country to another. Every other important aspects of an organization like capital, information, new and better ideas can be copied from one country to another, except the people which forms the most crucial part of any organization. The workforce of an organization keeps it competitive in a global market and attracts foreign investors. The workforce constitutes the skilled and knowledgeable aspect of an organization. Efficient and skilled workers are recruited by foreign investors. This way they gain experience and learn better. Thus it forms a cycle. Today, technology has changed the day to day living in every aspect. Every economy is dependent on technology for knowledge.   Information and better ideas is the key to every successful company.   Technology makes this available at a speed faster than light. Technology has helped every organization in cutting down their cost in terms of people. Today, it’s a world where smart working is preferred over hard work and technology has made it possible. E-commerce has influenced has influenced human resource management in many ways. It has helped to replace man power in various aspects. It can be seen that organizations with better productive capacity are abl e to generate better goods and services even if their inputs are small. 2. Today, organizations have become more competitive and dynamic with increasing complexities. Therefore, managers are of the opinion that manpower management has gained more importance than ever. The most important component of any organization is the people. It can be said that the old approaches of human resource management are no more the answers to the ever-changing economic and social environment. In modern times, experiment with policies to meet the dynamic need is considered healthy and is encouraged.   Management practices and experiments will experience a great change in the coming decade. Employment security will have to be provided. Keeping in mind the increasing complexities, selective and specialized hiring has to be done. Candidates should be selected from a huge pool of applicants. This would provide flexibility to the organization during selection and better opportunities to the candidates. Hierarchy has to be reduced as much as possible and decentralization has to be implemented. This would make workers feel more independent and responsible towards the work allocated to them. They would feel accountable for the outcome of the task. The difference in status amongst the employees will have to be reduced. This would help employees work like a team. Extensive training to workers should become the key element of every organization. Specialized training would be of utmost importance to survive in the coming days. The organizations will have to work in a more transparent manner where information has to be shared with all the employees. This would enhance the trust among workers. All workers should be encouraged to express their ideas and take active part in the controlling and planning phases. Thus, it can be seen that major changes will have to take place in manage ment styles and practices in the coming decade to survive in the completive market. 3. As the name suggests, the key elements of the LAMP model are Logic, Analytics, Measures and Process. These components that are responsible for the various strategic changes and overall effectiveness of the organization and each one play a very crucial role. Logic is an indispensable part of the system. It bridges the gap between numbers and the result or outcomes. It helps people outside the HR system to understand the numbers better. ‘Right Logic’ forms an important connecting link between data and the desired outcome. After combining logic and numbers together, the next step is Analytics. Some of the analytical strategies are statistics, research models and research designs. Wrong analytics can result into faulty results. Sound systems of analytics determine the flow of the arrow. Measures or data is the most popular component in the HR industry. Data collection forms the basis of any kind of assessment in HR. Without appropriate data, logic or analytics components do not hold any value. Mangers filter the required data from a huge variety of data and material. There are various techniques involved like sampling, probability, etc. The final step in the LAMP framework is the Process. It converts logic and analysis achieved through data into action. Managers are directed by process. Data and logic creates the basis of analysis. During analysis, various social and economic issues unfold. All these issues should be considered during process. Hence process can be regarded as the outcome of the LAMP model. To summarize, it can be said be said that the LAMP framework stresses on the significance of data. Raw data or matter does not hold any value. The key point in HR is to use data in a more effective and strategic manner. The LAMP system has proved to be very beneficial in this aspect. 4. High performance work practices generate higher productivity and it is seen that firms that use more of high performance work practices generate higher profits than those who don’t. Employees have more say in the control of the business. Managers are considerate about the professional growth of the employees. Thus, it can be seen that high performance work practices can boost profits to a large extent. However it is seen that many firms do not apply it. The reason could be varied. The size of the firm would greatly influence the decision, as a small size business may not be able to apply the work life programs. The cost of high performance work practices can generally be covered by bigger organizations so it is easier for them to implement it, while smaller organizations may not be able to take care of the pay-offs. Also Organizations who are more concerned about HR practices would also most likely apply the concept. The feeling of empowerment may create stress among employ ees and they may find it difficult to strike a balance between their personal and professional life. Power wars may also be created. So it might become difficult for employees to handle the pressure. This might have a negative influence on the employees. it is also noticed that the effect are most prominent when they are incorporated within the system. To establish the above stated fact, two cases were studied; one on organization culture and the other on the survival of an organization after their initial public issue, and it was seen that the work practices held relevance in both. It is also essential that the practices are not just measured but the analysis should help control and reduce the cost. Also it is necessary to understand that facts, figures and assumptions do not hold true for all organizations. So it is essential to strategically analyze the work practices and understand if it can be applied to the business. Also to successfully apply the strategies thorough research on cost benefits and performance measures is crucial, as there should be no doubt while adopting such practices. The facts and figures should also be correlated to the dynamics of the business and the culture before implementing the programs. many smaller or newer companies may that’s why still take a while to adopt these practices, in spite of evidence of increased productivity.

Bill Gates Richest Man In The World Commerce Essay

Bill Gates Richest Man In The World Commerce Essay Bill Gates is the chairman of the software Company Microsoft and he is one of the worlds richest men in the world according to Forbes. With Paul Allen, they founded Microsoft in 1970s. Gates oversaw the invention and marketing of the MS-DOS operating system, the Windows operating system interface, Internet Explorer browser and other popular computer products. During the 1990s, due to Microsoft stock price rise, it made Gates the world wealthiest man, his wealth has at times exceeded $75 billion, making Gates a popular symbol of the ascendant computer-geek of the late 20th century. However in June 2006, Gates announced that he would work on part time basis by July 2008. He mentioned he would remain chairman of the Microsoft board while focusing on his charitable foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. (Bill Gates Biography 2006) How a Geek Changed the World The biggest business channel of Indian media NDTV Profit arranged a talk show with Bill Gates and the most successful business executive of Asia Narayana Murthy. When a businessman from the audience asked Bill Gates the secret of success the great tycoon presented a five-point master formula of success. (Bill Gates Tells the Secret of His Success 2006) Find Your Passion It is almost impossible to be successful in anything without passion, passion generates focus. Bill Gates has a huge passion for computer and software. When he was studying in Lakeside School, he fell in love with the computer there and surpassed the knowledge of his teacher within a week. He wrote his first program when he was 13. According to Albert Einstein genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. But without passion, its very difficult to get self-motivated and work hard. When we realize our hidden passion, the work becomes fun and we will enjoy it more and more. Make Yourself Intelligence Bill Gates also mentioned that success depends on our intelligence. Different people have different level of intelligence however most people think intelligence like a physical strength which all people cant be equal in it. It is true however physical strength can be developed, this also applies with intelligence. We can develop intelligence by reading books, watching documentary shows, getting general knowledge from the internet, socializing or arranging a debate, or practice memorizing for instance. Be Open and Honest with Your Work Being honest is important whether it is in business or relationship. Deceiving causes damage in human relations and our progress. Try to be sincere in everything such as efforts, relations and business policies. Honesty is the best policy is a really wise saying. Bill has his quality of integrity so that he has a long term partners in business. He also has a very good family relationship, one of them is with his wife Melinda. Research has also proved that integrity is also good for health as it prolongs ones life span. Create A Good Team Having a team of intelligent people is important to succeed in business. The motto of modern business world is combine and succeed. There are two types of teams: partnership and assistance. Even the big companies are doing joint venture or partnership to become stronger to face competition. For a single person it is very hard to develop nowadays. If we arent up for a partnership, at least we have to have a team of intelligent people to progress fast. Bill Gates himself understood the value of a good team when he was just a high school student. He teamed up with Paul Allen to find a company to sell traffic counter to state government and help his schools payroll system computerize. While in Harvard University he met his later business partner Steve Ballmer. Later he with Paul Allen and Monte Davidoff wrote the original Altair Basic interpreter for the Altair 8800, the first successful personal computer Good Leadership Our team will be motivated in working if we are able to provide good leadership. For a businessman, his office is like a home and his team is like his family. He shares his happiness and sorrows and keeps motivating them time to time to be better and achieve the targets. Giving them proper punishment and rewards will keep his team disciplined and united and lead them to big success. He always share his gains with his staffs by giving promotions or bonuses. THOMAS ALVA EDISON Inventor of Practical Electric Bulb I have not failed. Ive just found 10,000 ways that wont work The Wizard of Menlo Park Thomas Alva Edison, with only three months of formal education he was successfully became one of the greatest inventors and industrial leaders in history. Edisons major innovation was the first industrial research lab, which was built in Menlo Park, New Jersey. It was built with the funds from the sale of Edisons quadruplex telegraph. Edison greatest invention was the first practical electric light bulb. He also build the first electrical power distribution company. Not only those, he also invented phonograph and make improvements to the telegraph, telephone and motion picture technology. Edison was also good in doing business. He invented important new devices, as well as created companies worldwide for the manufacture and sale of his inventions. Edison was also a ruthless businessman who fought hard to compete with his competitors. One of the most notorious examples of his competitive vigor were the lengths he went to discredit Nicola Teslas Alternating Current system, which is the system of electrical distribution in use today. (Thomas Edison American Inventor 1996) Edisonian Approach: Trial and Errors There are several techniques that Edison used to achieve his success: Focus Your Energy The way to increase the power of anything is to focus our energy and concentration to a single point. He knew that with focus, effort and absolute determination, he could achieve what he wanted to achieve, even when all the odds were against him. By focusing your mind on a creative, you will develop your creative ability and your thinking  will uncover amazing new solutions. Work On Ideas That Are Being Worked On By Others It is clear that Edison didnt really invent the electric light bulb. However, his contribution to the perfection of this device is really impressing. Documenting Thomas Edison compiled over 3500 notebooks detailing his ideas and experiments and wrote his thoughts onto over four million pages of notes during his lifetime. Its true that all the great creative minds have been writers, note bookers who record their observations, thoughts and ideas. Writing our ideas down gives us massive encouragement to creative thinking and we should begin immediately to apply this most simple of Edisons creative thinking techniques. Experimental Feedback Thomas Edison applied his creative thinking, putting it to the test through trial and experimentation. He knows the only way to increase knowledge was through experience and experience was gained through experiment. By experimenting, Edison could investigate what happened when he did a certain thing in a certain way with a specific set of tools. He could investigate cause and effect, action and reaction. He could then change the tools slightly and notice how those changes affected the experimental results. And such is the creative life. Have idea Test idea Note result Tweak idea Test tweaked idea Note result continue as necessary. A marketer may have a creative idea for a marketing campaign. She has to put it into action and do a test campaign to know whether it is as good an idea as she hopes. The results come back in. The idea will be tweaked to see whether the results can be improved on subsequent tests. Each test gives vital new information on the worth of this marketing id ea. Depending on the results that are generated the idea will be dismissed or put into wide spread use. Feedback is essential to the creative process of improving upon existing and new ideas. Systems and Teams/Mastermind Alliance Thomas Edison was aware that when it came to creativity, two heads were better than one. Thomas Edison knew that when it came to creative thinking, two heads were better than one. He was a master at organizing and utilizing the creative abilities and talents of others in very focused creative pursuits and projects. Edisons dynamic and forceful character galvanized the enthusiastic young team of bright minds that he attracted to his Menlo Park Invention Factory. You can see that Bill Gates has done a similar thing at Microsoft employing the brightest young minds to work on his team. Companies like Google follow the same principle. By working with a team of creative people you can exponentially increase and improve your creative output. (Wily Walnut 2008) ALBERT EINSTEIN Father of Modern Physics The important thing is not to stop questioningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Never lose a holy curiosity Father of Relativity Albert Einstein developed a theory about the relationship of mass and energy. The formula, E=mc[2], is probably the most famous outcome from Einsteins special theory of relativity. The formula says energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. In other words, it means mass is just one form of energy. Since the speed of light squared is a large number (186,000 miles per second)[2], a small amount of mass can be converted to a phenomenal amount of energy. Or, if theres a lot of energy available, some energy can be converted to mass and a new particle can be created. Nuclear reactors, for instance, work because nuclear reactions convert small amounts of mass into large amounts of energy. (Mary Bellis) Einstein also explains the Theory of Relativity. Relativity explains the way an object appears to be relative to an observer. You can understand this if you consider yourself in a car, observing other cars. Imagine you are observing a car travelling at 20  km/h. If your car is stationary, then the other cars speed relative to you is 20  km/h. However if you are travelling alongside the car also doing 20  km/h, then the other car seems to be stationary compared to you. Its speed relative to you is zero. (Einsteins Scientific Achievements 2005) Never Stop Being Curious There are several ways how Einsteins mind works: Behave like a child while learning, Be curious about everything what you learn. Children are curious. They are like a blank paper, waiting to be filled with knowledge and experiences. They dont have predetermined expectations clouding their judgment. Children absorb the world around with an open mind driven by sheer curiosity. Also curiosity can uncover the truth, All that seems obvious in life is not necessarily true.  A curious person discover the truth themselves without taking someones word straightaway. It is more satisfying and convincing when we see the facts itself rather than hearing from someone. Create Mind Maps, Draw some pictures and colour them. Mind mapping is about writing down a central idea and thinking up new and related ideas which spread out from the centre. By concentrating on the central ideas written down in our own words, and then searching for branches out and links between the ideas, we are mapping knowledge in a way which will help us understand and remember new information. Day Dreaming: Dream at least for 5 min daily. Many people assumed daydreaming is an act of laziness. But it has also been able to produce many popular artistic careers such as a music composer, novelist, or a film maker who do a lot of creative thinking and develop new ideas. When a person is thinking or fantasizing about his unfulfilled wishes, desires, all that for which he is passionate about, he gets carried away by them and starts day-dreaming, says a well known psychologist Dr Aruna Broota. d. Use your right part of your Brain: Right part of the brain has the ability for creative thinking. The right brain functions are all about visualization, imagination and looking at things from a larger perspective. The right brain are designed to promote imaginative and creative thinking. Right brain games are incidentally a lot of fun, this is an example of fun activities that help us loosen up and get fresh perspective on things. Most of the time, we focus on a problem and keep thinking on the same lines, whereas what is needed is to be looked at from different perspective. (Einsteins Secret Revealed: Tap the Genius in You 2008) 2. Comparison between those three a. Bill Gates Method Advantages It cant be denied that one key aspect to Bill Gates success is passion. Having passion in what we are doing is a key to success that is often overlooked. But I know that passion is essential to achieve any kind of long lasting success. If we dont have passion, everything we do will produce only average result because we never enjoy doing them. People who have passion in what they are doing, they will never give up, since they have no reason to give up, no matter what their circumstances might be. Information Technology changes rapidly, we need to keep ourselves updated by reading books for instance. Read as much as possible, It wont hurt you. Why is reading so important? With this skill you have access to all of the accumulated knowledge from the past and the present. One of the key successes of Bill Gates is being honest of what we are doing. Nowadays, being honest in business will always mean that you will get better business in the long run. In business, being honest means that we will keep everybody informed regarding our true state and objectives. The advantage of being honest is not only this will set the appropriate amount of expectations, but will also clear things, whether the person is ready to do business with us. Most of Bill Gates work are done in a team. There are several benefits from working in a team such as more people will generate more ideas; we will have larger range of skills; parallel working will enhance speed; and people in a team can support and encourage each other. Last but not least, being a good leader needs skills and practice. A good leader is not about commanding people around but rather the ability to influence his characteristics to the team he is working with. An example of characteristics of good leadership will be discipline and self confidence. A good leader will know that his characteristics are being observed and followed by those around him. A good leadership will increase the work productivity and loyalty of staffs. Disadvantages Unfortunately, being honest in business isnt an easy job. It is still hard for people to estimate whether a business service or product is worth paying for, especially when it is expensive. We will find people turning away from us, as they learn the truth. But still, being honest is a good thing. For example, if people keep ignoring your sincere offer, it means that they wont appreciate your work. It also means that they have a very high expectation now and in the future. When we speak honestly and find the right customer, the chances are he/she will listen. He/she will trust you and agree to work on your conditions. The biggest benefit of speaking honestly is that we will enjoy working with someone who enjoys our work. Working in a team sometimes can be frustrating and unproductive, such as office politics, large number of people working in a small task, conflicts between team member, and also members with larger personalities can harm the confidence of the quieter team member. However this can be tackled by hiring the right person and good leadership. b. Edison Method Advantages One of Edison philosophy is to monotask, focus all our attention or energy to one single thing. We never can pay full attention to two jobs at once, for example when we are writing while having a conversation, we are switching our attention back and forth between those two quickly. We are juggling and when we juggle tasks, our work deteriorates and takes longer to complete because of switching tasks. So by monotasking, we can improve the quality of work and the amount of time spent. We learn more from failure rather than success. It took Edison approximately ten thousands experiments to figure out the perfect element for the electric light bulb. There was a lot of learning to go through. There is no such knowledge in books. He simply never gives up trying, failing and learning. We must actively seek out failure and learn from it. We shouldnt be afraid of getting anything wrong. Failure is our friend. Every failure is simply an experiment. Experiments are set up to see what results occur and to learn from doing them. Disadvantages Some people are good at multitasking, and they can complete tasks faster with the same quality of result. Applying monotasking on these kind of people will deteriorate their efficiency and energy. By multitasking, those energy can be fully utilized to complete tasks. We also should know when to stop, give up and move on. If we dont enjoy the job we are doing or unsatisfied, stop for a while and review it. We shouldnt be wasting our time on something we dont enjoy or feel right doing. Another example is when we are injured and we should be taking a week off and miss an important match this week, we give up that match and get well soon so that we can play on the following match. So its important to know when to give up otherwise we or somebody else will get hurt. This also applies in relationship; maybe giving up a relationship is for our best interest. Albert einstein Advantages Being curious in life can bring happiness. Curiosity is about learning for ourselves and sharing what we have learnt. We can be curious about anything, even the things we have already known. Curiosity is an important aspects of a genius. Almost all inventors and great people, they are all curious people. Being curious can make our mind active, we always ask questions and search for answers; it increases the awareness of our mind for new ideas, because without curiosity, we wont look further of those particular new ideas; and we will have a very exciting life because new things always attract our attention Einstein always encourage us to utilize and train our right brain. People with right-side brain dominance are tend to be more creative in things such as painting or music composing. Whereas, people with left-sided brain dominance deal with reality and use less imaginations. According to a scientist at Middle Tennessee State University, people with right brain dominance tend to think outside the box. This is helpful with projects and problem solving. Disadvantages There is a time when being curious can lead to inefficiency. When we are curious on a lot of small unproductive things such as checking blog comments, refreshing facebook page, keep an eye on our watchlists in ebay several times per day at random intervals. And we are aware that we do this far more frequently than we needed to. Curiosity killed the cat is an expression that means dont be nosy because we could get hurt. This expression is based on the fact that cats are nosy and mischievous and often find themselves is dangerous situations, such as being stuck in a tree or running in front of traffic. Yes, curiosity can lead to nosyness. It is not shocking when people who labeled themselves as friends, but when things go bad for us, all they want is the gossip. And the worst things about it is that most of these nosy friends spread it to others and they just dont care about us and our feeling. Critical reflection What I have learnt from Bill Gates, is that I have to have passion for everything I do to achieve success. In studies I have to learn to love everything I am studying. If I dont enjoy them, then I will fail or barely pass the units. Also I dont have to be the first to win. Computer has already existed when Bill Gates were born, but he was able to make the device better and bring their products to the masses than anyone else in the industry. Microsoft was simply better at executing a business plan, and thats why Microsoft software is now the industry standard. This also applies to Edison, he didnt invent the first electric light bulb, he made them perfect and produced the first commercially practical electric bulb. So when I see things has been working properly, I shouldnt stop thinking about them, what I should do is to think whether I can make things better. To be successful, I also have to know how to do business. Being genius is useless if I cant make money out of it. Bill Gates quoted, If you cant make it good, at least make it look good, well the purpose of making it look good is that he can sell the product to people and make money. What I learn from Edison is not to fear failure. Failure can be a beautiful experience, because it develop my courage. And theres a saying, What doesnt kill you, makes you stronger, every failure as long as I learn from it, it will make me a better person. The best way for describing a failure is by realizing that failure is an event, not a person. For example, if I tried something and fail 20 times, I wouldnt be a failure, but I am a person who has experienced 18 failures. So if theres something I want to do and unsuccessful yet, I wont stop trying. Remember, the only people who never fail are those who never try. However there should be a clear line on where we are taking it too far and we have to stop trying. For example, I have been in love with a girl for a year, she keeps saying no when I asked her out. There was a time when she was so upset because I keep calling her. Also because of this, I lost focus at work, I kept thinking of her, I started drinking. In this case, giving up and moving on arent bad ideas. This is for my happiness and hers. I gain experience by making mistakes. I dont drown by falling in water, I drown by staying there. So lets start today by defying failure, learning from our mistakes, and forging ahead. Edison also encourages us to do tasks one at a time. For me, it is time to step back and take a look at things I am trying to do. I pick my first priority and stick with it until it is totally accomplished. I might find that multitasking such as doing 3 things at once, I could really accomplish things faster. But then I stepped back and looked at what I have done and I saw plenty of small mistakes here and there. I need to learn how to focus on task at hand. Doing more isnt always better if I havent done it accurately. It just means I have accomplished more jobs but havent finished any of them.